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Tuesday, August 8, 2017
Thursday, March 2, 2017
Californium
Californium Californium:
A radioactive element californium Minutes industrially atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251.079, its density is 15.10 g / cm3 melting point of 900 degrees Celsius. Cf is a transuranic elements in the actinide series of the periodic table. Cf-peer with mass number 245 produced the first time in 1950 at the University of California at Berkeley Labs by American chemists Stanley AG. Thompson, Kenneth Street. Albert Gerusz, and Glenn T. Seaborg. Scientists making californium -245 through -242 thousand bombing being Cm minutes. Cf -245 decays quickly, with the launch of Alpha minutes, and 44 minute half-life. Radioactive isotopes. Radioactive isotopes Ktlah numbers 240 and 255 were prepared later. Cf -249 is the result of beta Berkilliom -249 to dissolution. Cf radioactive isotopes produced heavier by neutron bombardment of Berkilliom -249, which increases the number of protons in the nucleus. Californium -252, with a half-life of 2.6 years and has the highest rate of absolute fission large amounts of neutrons and his important research in the field of medical applications. More radioactive californium isotopes consistent with the half-life of 900 years has the number 251 is equal to mass fraction is found.
Edit properties
252Cf has a half-life of 2.6 years with a high radioactivity. Where is the source of neutrons (1 micro gram of it radiates approximately 170 million neutrons per minute.) Does not have any role in the life and Baolga few compounds have been studied, such as (Cf2O3) (CfCl3) (CfOCl)
Edit history
It was synthesized in the March 17, 1950 Bo mode researchers from the University of California - Berkeley. It was renamed the University of California name
While in nature Edit
Although the item does not exist in the ground naturally. However, it exists in the universe known as electro-magnetic emitted as the supernova
Isotopes Edit
The discovery of nine isotopes him the most stability 251Cf half-life of 898 days and the 249Cf half-life of 351 years and the 250Cf half-life of 13 years Other radioactive isotopes have a half-life of less than 2.7 years, mostly about twenty minutes and the weight of atomic isotopes Atrauah between 237.062 (237Cf) to 256.093 (256Cf).
Justice sources
^ Baalbaki, Munir (1991). "Californium." Encyclopedia supplier. Encyclopedia of Rural Knowledge Network. Briefed him on 10 May 2013.
Friday, February 17, 2017
Metal vanadium
It is rare Lin compliant element, present a mixed certain salts used to increase the strength and hardness of steel alloy. And vanadium and one of the 26 common ingredient present organisms.
...containe reading
Metal vanadium
Vanadium chemical element in the periodic table, a poisonous metal and solid color white, symbol V, atomic weight 23.
It is rare Lin compliant element, present a mixed certain salts used to increase the strength and hardness of steel alloy. And vanadium and one of the 26 common ingredient present organisms.
Discovered the vanadium component in 1801 by the world of the Mexican metals Andres Manuel del Rio, but later I think that Chrome is a pure element. And then she discovered the world of Swede Nils Sevstrom chemistry in 1830 and gave him the name Vades a Scandinavian goddess of beauty.
There is no vanadium alone in nature, but there is united with other elements in more than 60 minerals. There is a common example of vanadium with uranium metal Alkrnoti radiation and with the sulfur in the metal Alپatronat With the lead in Alphenadenec. The most important sources of vanadium is Almakintet Altetanomi. It is a raw material found in Finland, South Africa and Russia. Vanadium and health has been proven that vanadium essential metal in 1971, and the most important functions 1.
Ihvzaaly oxidation of glucose (blood sugar) and helps it to be transported from the blood into fat cells and activates the installation of glycogen in the liver and muscles, and prevents lifting of sugar by inhibiting the process of gluconeogenisis in the liver (production glucose from fat) and reduces the absorption of glucose from the Alomaabaltala vanadium enhances the effect of insulin. Experience has shown that the addition of vanadium to the diet improves blood glucose control as vanadium appears similar to the impact of such insulin by changing Zivhanakl across the cell membrane modification transfer of electrolytes operations, and therefore may be useful for people who suffer from glucose tolerance (any stage of pre-diabetes or signs of diabetes ) this makes the insulin receptors of cellular membrane more sensitive to insulin. 2-prevents vanadium cholesterol synthesis 3-based vanadium increase in the strength of contraction of the heart muscle 4-proven Vanadium anti-cancer properties in laboratory animals 5-major clinical diseases associated with lack of vanadium: -bte growth Increase infant -alakm -artvaa cholesterol and triglycerides - blood sugar disorder -qsour heart -albadanh -adtrab bones food sources of growth: There vanadium in seawater by 0.002 ppm As fresh water do not exceed the rate of 0.001 ppm (ie Alouhd liters of water containing 1 g Macro and therefore never need to Ivy everyday it (especially that he absorbed from the intestine by too weak to exceed. 1 to 1.0%.) while the daily need of it 6-18 micrograms per day and reduce the most important sources of black pepper and dill seeds and mushrooms (mushrooms) It is remarkable that the spring water in the slopes of Mount Fiuggi in Japan contain a good concentration, where up to 88 Macro per liter and is therefore currently the best food source for this rare metal
There is little you vanadium in the crust of the planet, and I found him to trace amounts in meteorites. Vanadium is one of the important trace elements in the human body, research suggests that the high concentration of vanadium in the body is linked to disease, manic depression and other disorders.
Vanadium catalyst component used to make sulfuric acid.
Alvnadiom Vanadium chemical element in the periodic table, symbol V and atomic weight 23. It is rare Lin compliant element, present a mixed certain salts used to produce certain alloys. Alvnadiom and one of the 26 common ingredient present organisms.
The atomic number of 23 and vnadiom 50.9415 atomic weight, density of 6.1 g / Sm§ at 20 ° C. And it melts at 1,890 degrees temperature of ± 10 ° and boils at 3,380 ° m.
Alvnadiom known as a new first time in 1801 at the hands of world metals Mexican Andres Manuel del Rio, but later I think that Chrome is a pure element. The re-discovery of the Swedish chemist Niels Sevstrom in 1830 and gave him the name vnades a Scandinavian goddess of beauty.
There is no Alvnadiom solo in nature, but there is united with other elements in more than 60 minerals. For example, there is a common Alvnadiom with [[uranium metal Alkrnoti radiation and with the sulfur in the metal Alpatronat With the lead in Alvnadenec. One of the most important sources of vanadium is [[Almaknti Altetanomi. It is iron ore found in Finland, South Africa and the Soviet Union (the former).
There Alvnadiom low quantities in the crust of the planet, and I found him to trace amounts in meteorites. The Almaknti Altianyuma (which is one of the most important iron ore vanadium sources in the world. Alvnadiom is one of the important trace elements in the human body, research suggests that the high concentration of vanadium in the body is linked to disease, manic depression and other disorders.
Physical attributes
Alvnadiom included later with the transitional elements in the Mendeleev periodic table of chemical elements. It is situated at the top of the fifth platoon in the fourth round. Serial atomic number in the table 23.The electronic structure is the structure of inert argon gas Ar plus Aketronan in orbit 4S and three electrons in orbit 3d, so the Tkavah Penta. Alvnadiom atomic weight of 50.9415, a silvery metal slant of whiteness, amounting to 6.1 volumetric mass k / Sm³ when the temperature 20 ° C, melts at 1890 ° class Q, and boils at 3380 ° Q class. Equipment made of solid Alvnadiom vnadiom molten beam letter Alvnadiom is mainly used in the steel industry, where iron is mixed with known Besbakh iron Alvnadiom. Alvnadiom strengthens steel and improves its hardness at high temperatures, and improves its resistance to shocks and corrosion. This alloy is used in corrosion-resistant gear wheel hubs and springs aircraft, cars and motor industry. And make it quick cutting tools as well. Alvnadiom resists many chemicals but allows passage of neutrons. These qualities make this an appropriate metal for use in corn plants.
[1] Alvnadiom compounds also have many uses. Pentoxide Alvnadiom third chloride dioxide Alvnadiom used as catalysts in chemical reactions, and help in the production of synthetic materials and industrial chemicals. It uses fifth Alvnadiom dioxide and other compounds Alvnadiom in dyeing and coloring industry and glass materials. Bullion About 85% of the product is used Alvnadiom Kvnadiom railing ferrovanadium or as an additive to solid. [ Amanita muscaria contain amavadine. Alvnadiom is an important tracer elements in the human body. Research indicates that high Alvnadiom rate of the body x-mas related disease, depression and other disorders. Alvanadiom is a metal is in the nutritional foods such as soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, apples, eggs. The metal has a negative impact on human health if subjected to high concentrations, Fastnchagah in the air cause bronchitis and pneumonia. Acute effects represented him in a tizzy lung, throat, eyes and nasal cavities.
[3] The other health symptoms: - Cardiovascular diseases. - Inflammation of the stomach and intestines. - Atrophy of the nervous system. - Kidney, liver bleeding. - rash. - Severe tremor and paralysis. - Throat pains. - Bleeding from the nose. - Weakness. - Feeling unwell. - a headache. - Dizziness. - Behavioral changes. And health risks posed to human with the metal depends on the oxidation state for which there. Vanadium in the raw image could be oxidized to turn into a "vanadium oxide pentathlon - Vanadium pentoxide" during the welding process and this type oxidised be more dangerous than the kind of raw. Chronic exposure to vanadium fumes and dust cause excitability of the eye, skin and upper respiratory infections, inflammation of the continuous rod and bronchitis, pulmonary edema be poisoning.
Titanium metal
Titanium is used in strong lightweight alloys (especially with iron and aluminum) and the most common compounds are titanium dioxide, which is used in white pigments. It uses those white pigments: white printing and paints white correction fluid. And it is also used in toothpaste, white road signs, and fireworks white color. Edit properties Physical amended Titanium is a chemical element in the periodic table symbol Ti and atomic number, 22. transition metal lightweight and has multiple physical properties: it is dull (his glamor) was of low intensity. Can be withdrawn, can his ways, and often relatively high melting point is estimated at more than 1650 degrees Celsius, or 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. It is also a solid and high resistance to transmission of electricity and heat. This is due to its density generally Kulailh.otaraute for other metals.
He spoke often communicate property because each atom has the electrons is very well connected in the fourth orbit (valence electrons) and this consists of a semblance of the sea around the nucleus of the metal cation causing communication property. Armed forces used massive amounts of titanium in aircraft and jet engines because they are strong and light. It can resist temperatures up to 427 ° degrees m and Vlza that make it useful in multiple types of mechanisms Chemical amended Most of the metals are not fixed chemically react with oxygen in the air to form oxides over time (iron rust over the years, burning potassium in seconds, silver lose their brightness in months) either titanium resistant corrosion caused by sea water or sea vapor, like platinum. In this feature stainless steel above. Acids or alkalis high water corrosion on titanium and does not affect. A malleable metal, and has a weight of higher strength steels rate. All these qualities make him Vlza of great importance. Titanium reacts readily with oxygen at 1200 degrees Celsius (2190 degrees Fahrenheit) in the air, at a temperature of 610 temperature (1130 degrees Fahrenheit) in pure oxygen, which form titanium dioxide. As a result, it should not melt the metal in the open air, it burns before reaching the melting point. Melting is only possible in an inert atmosphere or in a vacuum. At a temperature of 550 degrees Celsius (1022 degrees Fahrenheit), it combines with chlorine. And also it reacts with other halogens and absorbs hydrogen. Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas, and the reaction to 800 degrees Celsius (1470 degrees Fahrenheit) to form titanium nitride, which causes embrittlement. Experiments have shown that natural titanium becomes radioactive after the loss of an electron and positron emission which leads to the emission of radiation. Modified vehicles Number of +4 oxidation dominates titanium chemistry, but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also common. As they prepare high oxidation many titanium compounds have a high degree through covalent bonding. Star sapphires and rubies are obtained from titanium dioxide impurities present in it. Titanate compounds are made from titanium dioxide, barium titanate has piezoelectric properties, making it possible to use it as a voice and power adapter. Esters of titanium are formed through the interaction of alcohol and titanium tetrachloride and are used to waterproof fabrics.
Titanium tetrachloride TiCl4, sometimes called "tickle" is Asfrallon liquid which is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of titanium dioxide for paint. Used widely in organic chemistry, Lewis acid, for example, in Alzqatv, titanium chloride and third (TiCl3), which is used as a reductant. History Titanium is always bonded to other elements in nature. It is the most abundant element, one of the ninth and fiftieth metals consisting of the crust and the rate of (0.63% of the mass), one of the fifty most abundant minerals. It is located in the most volcanic rocks and sediments, derived from them (as well as in living organisms and natural bodies of water). 801 types of volcanic rocks analyzed by the United States Geological Sanitarium, titanium stake in the soil around 0.5 to 1.5%. Are distributed on a large scale occurs mainly in the minerals, as well as in many iron ores. It has economic importance, Titanium exists in Western Australia, Canada, China, India, Mozambique, New Zealand, Norway and Ukraine. Also extracted in large quantities of rutile in North America, South Africa and help contribute to the annual production of 90,000 tons of metal and 4.3 million tonnes of titanium dioxide. Estimated total reserves of titanium to exceed 600 million tons. Isotopes In nature, titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes: 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti, and 50 Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Characterized by a tenth of radioactive isotopes, with the most stable 44Ti with a half-life of 63 years, 45Ti and has a half-life of 184.8 minutes, 51Ti and has a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and 52 Ti has a half-life of 1.7 minutes. Each of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than 33 seconds, and most of them have a half-life of less than half a second. And titanium isotopes ranging in atomic weight of 39,99 (40Ti) to 57,966 (58Ti). The Statute of the rush before the most stable isotope and Veer, 48Ti, is electron capture to the Statute after the emission of beta rays happen. Basic products before rushing 48Ti are element 21 (scandium) and primary products after element 23 (vanadium). Date Engraved profile image of a mid-age male with high forehead. The person is wearing a coat and a neckerchief. Martin Heinrich Klaproth named titanium for the Titans of Greek mythology. The first beginnings of the discovery of titanium metal dating back to the British chemist and geologist (William Gregor) and is the first to discover the presence of titanium metal ore sand near the town of Manakan fired by the Manakanayat name and that was in 1791. Then found the chemical by the German-Mart n Klaproth in 1795 and gave it a new name, a titanium, known until now is a derivative of Titan any son of earth .. Because the means of scientific publishing were not available enough at the time it did not originate any scientific correlation between worlds, so Kamiltan two years passed before he realizes Gregor and Klaproth they had discovered a mineral one. The two men were very through some chemical analyzes to the presence of titanium raw natural However, that did not mean Osoarhama for the metal itself pure .. The fact that they did not discovers not one of the most important titanium compounds in nature, which titanium dioxide is a white crystals powder minute. And processes necessary to extract various and arduous and expensive titanium ores, it is not possible in the normal way, by heating in the presence of carbon, which is produced due to titanium carbide Pure titanium metal (99.9%) has been prepared the first time in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter at Rensselaer Institute Polytechnic by heating TiCl4 with sodium at 700-800 ° C in the Hunter process. And it produced a girl du metal commercially for the first time in 1948. At present low production is still because of the difficulty and cost of raw titanium separation in which there are. USA and manufactures most of the refined metal. Japan, Britain and also produces titanium. The research is still underway to increase supplied and reduce its cost. Titanium sponge, which made the process of Bhecrol Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll proved that it can be produced by Tafl titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with calcium. The eight years is to refine the process using magnesium, sodium, and even in what became known as the Kroll process. Although the research is still ongoing in the extraction of more efficient and less expensive operations (for example, the FFC Cambridge), are still used in the Kroll process for commercial production. And works as a titanium metal casting important. Armed forces used massive amounts of titanium in aircraft and jet engines because they are strong and light. It is also able to resist temperatures up to 427 ° degrees m and Vlza that make it useful in multiple types of mechanisms. Because of the high characteristics, Uses Cylinder of titanium, "Grade 2" quality " Titanium is used in steel alloying element (iron alloy and titanium) to reduce grain size and to avoid the oxidative stress with external influences, mixed with steel resistant to rust to reduce carbon content. It is often a mixture of titanium with aluminum (to improve grain size), vanadium, copper (to harden), iron, manganese, molybdenum and with other metals. He is wanted in abundance in the manufacture of products and the demand by the titanium factories by example companies on paper, wood ,, wire, forgings, castings can be found in the entertainment industry, space, and emerging markets. Titanium powder used in fireworks as a source of particles burning bright. . Pigments and additives and coatings amended Watch glass on a black surface with a small portion of white powder Titanium dioxide is the most widely used titanium compound Titanium dioxide is the most widely used 95% of titanium ore extracted from the second devoted to refining the earth compound titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment intensely permanently used in paint, paper, toothpaste, and plastic.
As used in the cement industry, precious stones, and as a visual brilliant, and factor in promoting compounds graphite fishing rods and golf clubs. TiO2 powder is chemically inert, resists faded in the sunlight ,. Titanium dioxide has a great or very high property of the refractive optical dispersion higher than diamond. In addition to being a very important pigment, also it uses titanium dioxide in sunscreens due to its ability to protect the skin of his own. Recently, titanium oxide and developed for use in air purifiers (as coating filter), or in the film and is used Kmattv the buildings so that it becomes susceptible to ultraviolet light (solar or artificial) and the moisture in the air, species-oxidants such as reactive Alheidroksila are produced the roots so that they can purify the air or keep window surfaces clean. Air and sea space Edit Titanium has a high density, leading to large tensile strength and high resistance to corrosion strength, fatigue resistance, high resistance to cracking, and the ability to withstand temperatures moderate high, the use of titanium alloys in aircraft, armor plating, and is used in naval ships, spacecraft and missiles. For applications of titanium alloys with aluminum, vanadium, and other for a variety of components including critical structural parts and components, in the walls of the fire, and landing, and exhaust channels (helicopters), and hydraulic systems. In fact, titanium is used in the production of aircraft engines and frames. And SR - 71 "Blackbird" was the first beneficiary of Ahaddah aircraft and a wide range of titanium within its structure, paving the way tags used in modern military and commercial aircraft. It uses an estimated 59 metric tons in the Boeing 777 aircraft, 45 Boeing 747, 32 and 18 in a Boeing 737, and Airbus A340, 18 Airbus A330 and 12 Airbus A320. And may use the Airbus A380 146 metric tons, including about 26 thousand tons in the engines in the engine applications, titanium is used for rotors, compressor blades, and the components of the hydraulic system ,. Due to the high resistance to corrosive sea water, titanium is used to make propeller shafts and rigging and in the heat exchangers of desalination plants; in refrigerants, saltwater aquariums, fishing, and leader of the line, and knives divers heater '. Titanium is used to manufacture cans and other components of ocean monitoring and dissemination of scientific and monitoring devices for military use. The former Soviet Union developed techniques for making submarines largely from titanium. Industrial High purity (99.999%) titanium with visible crystal structure Titanium is used in welded pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, vessels and process, valves) in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance. And use specific alloy at the bottom and processing applications for ores hydrometallurgy nickel due to high power (for example: titanium alloy Jim beta), and is also used in the manufacture of pulp and paper it uses titanium in equipment exposed to the process of erosion and media such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas and other applications It includes: the ultrasonic welding, wave soldering, and sputtering targets. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a colorless liquid, is important as an intermediate in the manufacture of TiO2 process. Consumer and architectural amended Titanium thrown useful for backpackers. About 16 grams lighter than steel, but the pot of the most powerful of the implementation of the plastic. Titanium bicycle frame Senior weld beads on a titanium bike frame made by master craftsman. Outside view of a several storey building walls with irregular smooth undulating. It is coated with a bulk metal gray or made of glass The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is sheathed in titanium panels. Titanium metal used in automotive applications, especially in racing cars or motorcycles, where weight reduction is critical while maintaining high strength and stiffness. Titanium high cost to make them marketable in the general consumer market, other than the final products, especially for the racing / performance of the market. It was late in the warship model available with a titanium exhaust. Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets and golf clubs,; helmet grills, hockey, grades, football, bicycle frames and components. Although the article is not mainstream for the production of bicycles, it has been used by cycling teams titanium bicycle racing and adventure, also used titanium alloy in glasses frames. This results in a permanent framework rather expensive, but highly durable and long which is light in weight and causes no allergic skin. Backpackers equipment used many of titanium, including cookware and eating utensils, lanterns, and tent stakes. Although a little more expensive than traditional steel or aluminum alternatives, these titanium products can be considerably lighter without compromising strength. Because of its durability, it has become more popular Titanium Jewelry Designer (particularly, titanium rings) makes it a good choice for those who suffer from allergies or those who will be wearing jewelry in aquatic environments such as swimming pools. Titanium durability, light weight, corrosion resistance makes them useful in the production. Some artists produce works of art such as Imathil and other decor and furniture by titanium. Titanium may sometimes be used in architectural applications: 40 m (131 feet) monument to Yuri Gagarin monument, the first man to travel in space, in Moscow, and is made of titanium metal color and attractive. The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Cerritos Millennium Library the first buildings in Europe and North America. Due to the high strength and light weight compared with other metals commonly used in firearms (steel, stainless steel, and aluminum), and advances in metal fabrication techniques, the use of titanium has become more prevalent in the firearms industry. Basic uses include pistol and revolver cylinders. It is also used in laptop computers industry. metal Titanium is a chemical element in the periodic table symbol Ti and atomic number, 22. transition metal lightweight, strong, with a sheen and rust resistant (including sea water and chlorine), and color of silvery white metal. Titanium is used in strong lightweight alloys (especially with iron and aluminum) and the most common compounds are titanium dioxide, which is used in white pigments. It uses those white pigments: white printing and paints white correction fluid. And it is also used in toothpaste, white road signs, and fireworks white color. Edit properties Physical amended Titanium is a chemical element in the periodic table symbol Ti and atomic number, 22. transition metal lightweight and has multiple physical properties: it is dull (his glamor) was of low intensity. Can be withdrawn, can his ways, and often relatively high melting point is estimated at more than 1650 degrees Celsius, or 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. It is also a solid and high resistance to transmission of electricity and heat. This is due to its density generally Kulailh.otaraute for other metals. He spoke often communicate property because each atom has the electrons is very well connected in the fourth orbit (valence electrons) and this consists of a semblance of the sea around the nucleus of the metal cation causing communication property. Armed forces used massive amounts of titanium in aircraft and jet engines because they are strong and light. It can resist temperatures up to 427 ° degrees m and Vlza that make it useful in multiple types of mechanisms Chemical amended Most of the metals are not fixed chemically react with oxygen in the air to form oxides over time (iron rust over the years, burning potassium in seconds, silver lose their brightness in months) either titanium resistant corrosion caused by sea water or sea vapor, like platinum. In this feature stainless steel above. Acids or alkalis high water corrosion on titanium and does not affect. A malleable metal, and has a weight of higher strength steels rate. All these qualities make him Vlza of great importance. Titanium reacts readily with oxygen at 1200 degrees Celsius (2190 degrees Fahrenheit) in the air, at a temperature of 610 temperature (1130 degrees Fahrenheit) in pure oxygen, which form titanium dioxide. As a result, it should not melt the metal in the open air, it burns before reaching the melting point. Melting is only possible in an inert atmosphere or in a vacuum. At a temperature of 550 degrees Celsius (1022 degrees Fahrenheit), it combines with chlorine. And also it reacts with other halogens and absorbs hydrogen. Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas, and the reaction to 800 degrees Celsius (1470 degrees Fahrenheit) to form titanium nitride, which causes embrittlement. Experiments have shown that natural titanium becomes radioactive after the loss of an electron and positron emission which leads to the emission of radiation. Modified vehicles Number of +4 oxidation dominates titanium chemistry, but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also common. As they prepare high oxidation many titanium compounds have a high degree through covalent bonding. Star sapphires and rubies are obtained from titanium dioxide impurities present in it. Titanate compounds are made from titanium dioxide, barium titanate has piezoelectric properties, making it possible to use it as a voice and power adapter. Esters of titanium are formed through the interaction of alcohol and titanium tetrachloride and are used to waterproof fabrics. Titanium tetrachloride TiCl4, sometimes called "tickle" is Asfrallon liquid which is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of titanium dioxide for paint. Used widely in organic chemistry, Lewis acid, for example, in Alzqatv, titanium chloride and third (TiCl3), which is used as a reductant. History Titanium is always bonded to other elements in nature. It is the most abundant element, one of the ninth and fiftieth metals consisting of the crust and the rate of (0.63% of the mass), one of the fifty most abundant minerals. It is located in the most volcanic rocks and sediments, derived from them (as well as in living organisms and natural bodies of water). 801 types of volcanic rocks analyzed by the United States Geological Sanitarium, titanium stake in the soil around 0.5 to 1.5%. Are distributed on a large scale occurs mainly in the minerals, as well as in many iron ores. It has economic importance, Titanium exists in Western Australia, Canada, China, India, Mozambique, New Zealand, Norway and Ukraine. Also extracted in large quantities of rutile in North America, South Africa and help contribute to the annual production of 90,000 tons of metal and 4.3 million tonnes of titanium dioxide. Estimated total reserves of titanium to exceed 600 million tons. Isotopes In nature, titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes: 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti, and 50 Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Characterized by a tenth of radioactive isotopes, with the most stable 44Ti with a half-life of 63 years, 45Ti and has a half-life of 184.8 minutes, 51Ti and has a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and 52 Ti has a half-life of 1.7 minutes. Each of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than 33 seconds, and most of them have a half-life of less than half a second. And titanium isotopes ranging in atomic weight of 39,99 (40Ti) to 57,966 (58Ti). The Statute of the rush before the most stable isotope and Veer, 48Ti, is electron capture to the Statute after the emission of beta rays happen. Basic products before rushing 48Ti are element 21 (scandium) and primary products after element 23 (vanadium). Date Engraved profile image of a mid-age male with high forehead. The person is wearing a coat and a neckerchief. Martin Heinrich Klaproth named titanium for the Titans of Greek mythology. The first beginnings of the discovery of titanium metal dating back to the British chemist and geologist (William Gregor) and is the first to discover the presence of titanium metal ore sand near the town of Manakan fired by the Manakanayat name and that was in 1791. Then found the chemical by the German-Mart n Klaproth in 1795 and gave it a new name, a titanium, known until now is a derivative of Titan any son of earth .. Because the means of scientific publishing were not available enough at the time it did not originate any scientific correlation between worlds, so Kamiltan two years passed before he realizes Gregor and Klaproth they had discovered a mineral one. The two men were very through some chemical analyzes to the presence of titanium raw natural However, that did not mean Osoarhama for the metal itself pure .. The fact that they did not discovers not one of the most important titanium compounds in nature, which titanium dioxide is a white crystals powder minute. And processes necessary to extract various and arduous and expensive titanium ores, it is not possible in the normal way, by heating in the presence of carbon, which is produced due to titanium carbide Pure titanium metal (99.9%) has been prepared the first time in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter at Rensselaer Institute Polytechnic by heating TiCl4 with sodium at 700-800 ° C in the Hunter process. And it produced a girl du metal commercially for the first time in 1948. At present low production is still because of the difficulty and cost of raw titanium separation in which there are. USA and manufactures most of the refined metal. Japan, Britain and also produces titanium. The research is still underway to increase supplied and reduce its cost. Titanium sponge, which made the process of Bhecrol Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll proved that it can be produced by Tafl titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with calcium. The eight years is to refine the process using magnesium, sodium, and even in what became known as the Kroll process. Although the research is still ongoing in the extraction of more efficient and less expensive operations (for example, the FFC Cambridge), are still used in the Kroll process for commercial production. And works as a titanium metal casting important. Armed forces used massive amounts of titanium in aircraft and jet engines because they are strong and light. It is also able to resist temperatures up to 427 ° degrees m and Vlza that make it useful in multiple types of mechanisms. Because of the high characteristics, Uses Cylinder of titanium, "Grade 2" quality " Titanium is used in steel alloying element (iron alloy and titanium) to reduce grain size and to avoid the oxidative stress with external influences, mixed with steel resistant to rust to reduce carbon content. It is often a mixture of titanium with aluminum (to improve grain size), vanadium, copper (to harden), iron, manganese, molybdenum and with other metals. He is wanted in abundance in the manufacture of products and the demand by the titanium factories by example companies on paper, wood ,, wire, forgings, castings can be found in the entertainment industry, space, and emerging markets. Titanium powder used in fireworks as a source of particles burning bright. . Pigments and additives and coatings amended Watch glass on a black surface with a small portion of white powder Titanium dioxide is the most widely used titanium compound Titanium dioxide is the most widely used 95% of titanium ore extracted from the second devoted to refining the earth compound titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment intensely permanently used in paint, paper, toothpaste, and plastic. As used in the cement industry, precious stones, and as a visual brilliant, and factor in promoting compounds graphite fishing rods and golf clubs. TiO2 powder is chemically inert, resists faded in the sunlight ,. Titanium dioxide has a great or very high property of the refractive optical dispersion higher than diamond. In addition to being a very important pigment, also it uses titanium dioxide in sunscreens due to its ability to protect the skin of his own. Recently, titanium oxide and developed for use in air purifiers (as coating filter), or in the film and is used Kmattv the buildings so that it becomes susceptible to ultraviolet light (solar or artificial) and the moisture in the air, species-oxidants such as reactive Alheidroksila are produced the roots so that they can purify the air or keep window surfaces clean. Air and sea space Edit Titanium has a high density, leading to large tensile strength and high resistance to corrosion strength, fatigue resistance, high resistance to cracking, and the ability to withstand temperatures moderate high, the use of titanium alloys in aircraft, armor plating, and is used in naval ships, spacecraft and missiles. For applications of titanium alloys with aluminum, vanadium, and other for a variety of components including critical structural parts and components, in the walls of the fire, and landing, and exhaust channels (helicopters), and hydraulic systems. In fact, titanium is used in the production of aircraft engines and frames. And SR - 71 "Blackbird" was the first beneficiary of Ahaddah aircraft and a wide range of titanium within its structure, paving the way tags used in modern military and commercial aircraft. It uses an estimated 59 metric tons in the Boeing 777 aircraft, 45 Boeing 747, 32 and 18 in a Boeing 737, and Airbus A340, 18 Airbus A330 and 12 Airbus A320. And may use the Airbus A380 146 metric tons, including about 26 thousand tons in the engines in the engine applications, titanium is used for rotors, compressor blades, and the components of the hydraulic system ,. Due to the high resistance to corrosive sea water, titanium is used to make propeller shafts and rigging and in the heat exchangers of desalination plants; in refrigerants, saltwater aquariums, fishing, and leader of the line, and knives divers heater '. Titanium is used to manufacture cans and other components of ocean monitoring and dissemination of scientific and monitoring devices for military use. The former Soviet Union developed techniques for making submarines largely from titanium. Industrial High purity (99.999%) titanium with visible crystal structure Titanium is used in welded pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, vessels and process, valves) in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance. And use specific alloy at the bottom and processing applications for ores hydrometallurgy nickel due to high power (for example: titanium alloy Jim beta), and is also used in the manufacture of pulp and paper it uses titanium in equipment exposed to the process of erosion and media such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas and other applications It includes: the ultrasonic welding, wave soldering, and sputtering targets. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a colorless liquid, is important as an intermediate in the manufacture of TiO2 process. Consumer and architectural amended Titanium thrown useful for backpackers. About 16 grams lighter than steel, but the pot of the most powerful of the implementation of the plastic. Titanium bicycle frame Senior weld beads on a titanium bike frame made by master craftsman. Outside view of a several storey building walls with irregular smooth undulating. It is coated with a bulk metal gray or made of glass The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is sheathed in titanium panels. Titanium metal used in automotive applications, especially in racing cars or motorcycles, where weight reduction is critical while maintaining high strength and stiffness. Titanium high cost to make them marketable in the general consumer market, other than the final products, especially for the racing / performance of the market. It was late in the warship model available with a titanium exhaust. Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets and golf clubs,; helmet grills, hockey, grades, football, bicycle frames and components. Although the article is not mainstream for the production of bicycles, it has been used by cycling teams titanium bicycle racing and adventure, also used titanium alloy in glasses frames. This results in a permanent framework rather expensive, but highly durable and long which is light in weight and causes no allergic skin. Backpackers equipment used many of titanium, including cookware and eating utensils, lanterns, and tent stakes. Although a little more expensive than traditional steel or aluminum alternatives, these titanium products can be considerably lighter without compromising strength. Because of its durability, it has become more popular Titanium Jewelry Designer (particularly, titanium rings) makes it a good choice for those who suffer from allergies or those who will be wearing jewelry in aquatic environments such as swimming pools. Titanium durability, light weight, corrosion resistance makes them useful in the production. Some artists produce works of art such as Imathil and other decor and furniture by titanium. Titanium may sometimes be used in architectural applications: 40 m (131 feet) monument to Yuri Gagarin monument, the first man to travel in space, in Moscow, and is made of titanium metal color and attractive. The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Cerritos Millennium Library the first buildings in Europe and North America. Due to the high strength and light weight compared with other metals commonly used in firearms (steel, stainless steel, and aluminum), and advances in metal fabrication techniques, the use of titanium has become more prevalent in the firearms industry. Basic uses include pistol and revolver cylinders. It is also used in laptop computers industry.
Thursday, February 16, 2017
Mercury
Chemical element mercury him the symbol Hg and atomic number 80 in the periodic table, a silvery liquid, its density (13.54 g / cm 3), freezes Silver-colored diagonal bluer resembles lead in appearance and when (-38.9 ° C), and boils at (356.9 ° C) .
When the passage of an electric spark in mercury vapor, emits flashing dazzling, and ultraviolet light.
At a temperature (-269 ° C) becomes the mercury density - Note here that the degree of (-271 degrees Celsius is the degree of cumulus clouds heat left over from a cosmic explosion that launches microwave background radiation of the universe (C.M.B.).
And thus becomes the Mercury (conductor superior) - ie zero resistance to electric current; while the degree of absolute zero temperature is (-273.16 degrees Celsius), a temperature at which the stop motion of molecules.
The capacity is normal to superconducting state does not only lie in the lack of resistance to electrical current, but also in the production of intense magnetic fields without the use of iron hearts of files, as electricity can be stored inside.
Date
He does not know who discovered but it was known to the ancient Egyptians and Chinese, Hindus, Greeks and Roman.okadd called in ancient mythology Romania (courier rapid gods). And the word mercury parsed Zیoh Persian, [1] [2] and others like ژیoh and Jیoh. Alzawouk was also called, and hit him in the ideals of gravity. [3] Biruni has mentioned in his book Aljmaher to know the gems and allocated a portion.
And the language is said about the mercurial person if many evasion. [4]
Isotopes of mercury amended
Mercury ten matches, seven of them stable, then the match is unstable, and produce two equals negative beta rays, and one of these two isotopes industrial and these isotopes are:
(80 bugs 196), a peer-existence in nature 0.1%, (80 bugs 198), a peer-existence in the nature of 10%, (80 bugs 199), (80 bugs 200), (80 bugs 201), (80 bugs 202), and (80 bugs 204); all of stable isotopes in nature.
(80 bugs 197) isotope is unstable in nature, which turns into gold, as follows:
80 bugs> 79 y 197 +1 u 0
(80 bugs 203) match normally radiates rays negative beta, (80 bugs 205) isotope industrial radiates also rays negative beta; The isotope natural Cunha Silver tends to color gray dark, while the isotope industrial Venzirh tends to color red mercury oxide with being a means of Mittal.
Mercury irradiated are two type of Russian industrial radioactive isotope is, the type of Pharaonic Egyptian said about him, a kind of natural radioactive, but separated Kthavia very pure. Gram and up to $ 300,000 in it as he was talking about some of the wretched.
Mercury and water
Until now, scientists did not discover that the human body needs for any amount of mercury, on the contrary, it is highly toxic and accumulates in the brain where they may cause the destruction of the nervous system. Therefore it advised to avoid contact with mercury and have him in the hand and also advised to avoid approaching him to avoid the inhalation of mercury vapor as it is fast evaporation. An estimated half-life of mercury in the brain for 230 days and the rest of the body 70 days.
Mercury poses the biggest polluter of the waters of the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and the strange thing is that a large part of this pollution comes from nature itself and not from industrial waste. Vsnuya prostrates as estimated by some specialists between 4000 and 10,000 tons of mercury into the sea .40% of which almost a ton of natural causes such as volcanoes and natural sculpture of rocks containing mercury and the rest of the industrial waste, especially the burning of garbage and consumption of coal and the manufacture of cement
Like water, the mercury evaporates and spreads with the air has to travel to far away places, but in the end is deposited in the seas, lakes, and here lies the problem because fish absorb this metal to Atkhozn in her body.
Prepare mercury
Attends mercury by heating the mercury sulfide (Hg
Recovery of mercury
Extracted mercury from cinnabar cinnabar, which is the raw material of which draws a mercury sulfide, and has multiple colors ranging from crimson and bright red and yellow. And it was used by alchemists Arabs for mercury. Heated vermilion in a special oven go through it a stream of air, reacts oxygen with sulfur component gas sulfur dioxide, which begins and stays mercury in the oven and formed mercury oxide HgO during the mercury presence of hot air, and wait, because if you make up mercury oxide disintegration of heat directly to the oxygen and mercury.
Mercury product in this way is not a pure habit, so filters through the skin Dhabi mountain chamois leather to get rid of the dirt material therein. To get rid of the substances dissolved in the mercury must be distilled and distilled water, purified in the laboratory by pouring Guttat him through a long column of nitrogen extended acid.
Uses
Mercury several properties that make it useful. Ones that mercury expands and contracts regularly, and it remains on its liquid state in a wide range of temperatures. Distinguish these traits has led to its use in thermometers industry.
And mercury conductor of electricity, and is used in the manufacture of some electrical switches and connectors where parts makes it work is the noise and efficiently. It uses mercury producers of chemical industries in the electrolysis cells in order to change the electrolyte material. Mercury vapor is also used in the manufacture of incandescent bulbs, because it radiates light when electric current passing through it.
For many alloys (a mixture of metals) Mercury numerous uses. Called alloys that contain mercury Palmmelgmat, which includes amalgamated silver that contains silver and mercury. And that dentists use for teeth filling the gaps. Many dry batteries also contain amalgamated zinc, cadmium, so as to prevent impurities from reducing electrical cell life. See: Almljm, alloy.
Subscriptions
Mercury in small amounts in the earth's crust compared to other other metals. Despite the lack of his presence, but the sediment that contain mercury by large quantities of this material, making it exists in abundance. Most of the mercury that people used comes from the ore called cinnabar. For pure mercury, heated liquidators of mercury ore cinnabar in
Physical and chemical properties
Mercury means of silvery white color and is the only metal that exists in liquid state at normal temperatures. Freezes in class -38.87 Q and boil in 358 degree C and a density of 13.6 g / cm 3, and mercury vapor has no color does not transmit electricity, a poisonous. It must not exceed the mercury vapor with air at 0.1 mg / m3. In the liquid state is the transmission of heat and electricity. The most familiar metals dissolve in the mercury composed Almlagm amalgams, but platinum is difficult Tmelgmh, while iron Vimelgm indirectly.
Mercury is not affected by air or other gases in the more normal temperatures, so is used to collect soluble in water gases. If Preheat the mercury to a
Gold ore element
It can be distinguished Gold Gold is a gold and precious metals, which have been known for thousands of years, and can exist freely in nature, or mixed with other elements, a glossy and heavy element, and a softer metal, found in rivers and rock deposits. Gold retains its value because it affects the monetary policy, the global economy depends mostly on gold prices up and down. Gold is one of the months metals used in the jewelry industry, and used women for decoration through the ages, and is synthesized and handle it in the form of ingots, a mass of
What is the melting point of gold?
The melting point of gold is 1064 ° C, a high temperature need special stoves to be melted down and used in other industries.
Kdla have this precious metal is prized worldwide, Valeoranyum, platinum and some types of precious stones are more expensive of it, however, remained throughout history is the most appropriate things to treasure wealth
Gold-called Latin Aurum (and including the chemical symbol AU) and the Latin word means (dawn or sunrise).
Gold has occupied various top Bmudallullach known the importance of minerals, it is noble and rare metal and has a ravishing glamor, sparkle and charm is not the secret of its importance to the high cost of extraction and the difficulty of acquiring it.
And more than one angle can be seen because of its importance. For men to the economy, the gold is the basis for the stability of the currency, international trade and the source for the prosperity of nations. For the veil and researchers is invaluable
Gold has been used through the ages in coins and ornaments, then took it determines the v
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